Note
Go to the end to download the full example code
MAPDL 2D Plane Stress Concentration Analysis#
This tutorial shows how you can use PyMAPDL to determine and verify the “stress concentration factor” when modeling using 2D plane elements and then verify this using 3D elements.
First, start MAPDL as a service.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from ansys.mapdl.core import launch_mapdl
mapdl = launch_mapdl()
Element Type and Material Properties#
This example will use PLANE183 elements as a thin plate can be modeled with plane elements provided that KEYOPTION 3 is set to 3 and a thickness is provided.
This example will use SI units.
mapdl.prep7()
mapdl.units("SI") # SI - International system (m, kg, s, K).
# define a PLANE183 element type with thickness
mapdl.et(1, "PLANE183", kop3=3)
mapdl.r(1, 0.001) # thickness of 0.001 meters)
# Define a material (nominal steel in SI)
mapdl.mp("EX", 1, 210e9) # Elastic moduli in Pa (kg/(m*s**2))
mapdl.mp("DENS", 1, 7800) # Density in kg/m3
mapdl.mp("NUXY", 1, 0.3) # Poisson's Ratio
# list currently defined material properties
print(mapdl.mplist())
LIST MATERIALS 1 TO 1 BY 1
PROPERTY= ALL
MATERIAL NUMBER 1
TEMP EX
0.2100000E+12
TEMP NUXY
0.3000000
TEMP DENS
7800.000
Geometry#
Create a rectangular area with the hole in the middle. To correctly approximate an infinite plate, the maximum stress must occur far away from the edges of the plate. A length to width factor can approximate this.
length = 0.4
width = 0.1
ratio = 0.3 # diameter/width
diameter = width * ratio
radius = diameter * 0.5
# create the rectangle
rect_anum = mapdl.blc4(width=length, height=width)
# create a circle in the middle of the rectangle
circ_anum = mapdl.cyl4(length / 2, width / 2, radius)
# Note how pymapdl parses the output and returns the area numbers
# created by each command. This can be used to execute a boolean
# operation on these areas to cut the circle out of the rectangle.
plate_with_hole_anum = mapdl.asba(rect_anum, circ_anum)
# finally, plot the lines of the plate
mapdl.lplot(cpos="xy", line_width=3, font_size=26, color_lines=True, background="w")
Meshing#
Mesh the plate using a higher density near the hole and a lower
density for the remainder of the plate by setting LESIZE for the
lines nearby the hole and ESIZE for the mesh global size.
Line numbers can be identified through inspection using lplot
# ensure there are at 50 elements around the hole
hole_esize = np.pi * diameter / 50 # 0.0002
plate_esize = 0.01
# increased the density of the mesh at the center
mapdl.lsel("S", "LINE", vmin=5, vmax=8)
mapdl.lesize("ALL", hole_esize, kforc=1)
mapdl.lsel("ALL")
# Decrease the area mesh expansion. This ensures that the mesh
# remains fine nearby the hole
mapdl.mopt("EXPND", 0.7) # default 1
mapdl.esize(plate_esize)
mapdl.amesh(plate_with_hole_anum)
mapdl.eplot(
vtk=True,
cpos="xy",
show_edges=True,
show_axes=False,
line_width=2,
background="w",
)
Boundary Conditions#
Fix the left-hand side of the plate in the X direction and set a force of 1 kN in the positive X direction.
# Fix the left-hand side.
mapdl.nsel("S", "LOC", "X", 0)
mapdl.d("ALL", "UX")
# Fix a single node on the left-hand side of the plate in the Y
# direction. Otherwise, the mesh would be allowed to move in the y
# direction and would be an improperly constrained mesh.
mapdl.nsel("R", "LOC", "Y", width / 2)
assert mapdl.mesh.n_node == 1
mapdl.d("ALL", "UY")
# Apply a force on the right-hand side of the plate. For this
# example, we select the nodes at the right-most side of the plate.
mapdl.nsel("S", "LOC", "X", length)
# Verify that only the nodes at length have been selected:
assert np.allclose(mapdl.mesh.nodes[:, 0], length)
# Next, couple the DOF for these nodes. This lets us provide a force
# to one node that will be spread throughout all nodes in this coupled
# set.
mapdl.cp(5, "UX", "ALL")
# Select a single node in this set and apply a force to it
# We use "R" to re-select from the current node group
mapdl.nsel("R", "LOC", "Y", width / 2)
mapdl.f("ALL", "FX", 1000)
# finally, be sure to select all nodes again to solve the entire solution
mapdl.allsel(mute=True)
Solve the Static Problem#
Solve the static analysis
mapdl.solution()
mapdl.antype("STATIC")
output = mapdl.solve()
mapdl.finish()
print(output)
*** NOTE *** CP = 6.454 TIME= 11:10:32
The automatic domain decomposition logic has selected the MESH domain
decomposition method with 2 processes per solution.
***** MAPDL SOLVE COMMAND *****
*** NOTE *** CP = 6.457 TIME= 11:10:32
There is no title defined for this analysis.
*** SELECTION OF ELEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR APPLICABLE ELEMENTS ***
---GIVE SUGGESTIONS ONLY---
ELEMENT TYPE 1 IS PLANE183 WITH PLANE STRESS OPTION. NO SUGGESTION IS
AVAILABLE.
*** MAPDL - ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SYSTEM RELEASE 24.1 ***
Ansys Mechanical Enterprise Academic Student
01055371 VERSION=LINUX x64 11:10:32 APR 02, 2024 CP= 6.469
S O L U T I O N O P T I O N S
PROBLEM DIMENSIONALITY. . . . . . . . . . . . .2-D
DEGREES OF FREEDOM. . . . . . UX UY
ANALYSIS TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .STATIC (STEADY-STATE)
GLOBALLY ASSEMBLED MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . .SYMMETRIC
*** NOTE *** CP = 6.475 TIME= 11:10:32
Present time 0 is less than or equal to the previous time. Time will
default to 1.
*** NOTE *** CP = 6.476 TIME= 11:10:32
The conditions for direct assembly have been met. No .emat or .erot
files will be produced.
D I S T R I B U T E D D O M A I N D E C O M P O S E R
...Number of elements: 977
...Number of nodes: 3083
...Decompose to 2 CPU domains
...Element load balance ratio = 1.002
L O A D S T E P O P T I O N S
LOAD STEP NUMBER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TIME AT END OF THE LOAD STEP. . . . . . . . . . 1.0000
NUMBER OF SUBSTEPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
STEP CHANGE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . NO
PRINT OUTPUT CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . .NO PRINTOUT
DATABASE OUTPUT CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . .ALL DATA WRITTEN
FOR THE LAST SUBSTEP
SOLUTION MONITORING INFO IS WRITTEN TO FILE= file.mntr
**** CENTER OF MASS, MASS, AND MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA ****
CALCULATIONS ASSUME ELEMENT MASS AT ELEMENT CENTROID
TOTAL MASS = 0.30649
MOM. OF INERTIA MOM. OF INERTIA
CENTER OF MASS ABOUT ORIGIN ABOUT CENTER OF MASS
XC = 0.20000 IXX = 0.1024E-02 IXX = 0.2576E-03
YC = 0.49997E-01 IYY = 0.1642E-01 IYY = 0.4156E-02
ZC = 0.0000 IZZ = 0.1744E-01 IZZ = 0.4414E-02
IXY = -0.3065E-02 IXY = 0.1635E-08
IYZ = 0.000 IYZ = 0.000
IZX = 0.000 IZX = 0.000
*** MASS SUMMARY BY ELEMENT TYPE ***
TYPE MASS
1 0.306487
Range of element maximum matrix coefficients in global coordinates
Maximum = 1.265076824E+09 at element 67.
Minimum = 359465553 at element 773.
*** ELEMENT MATRIX FORMULATION TIMES
TYPE NUMBER ENAME TOTAL CP AVE CP
1 977 PLANE183 0.123 0.000126
Time at end of element matrix formulation CP = 6.78393745.
DISTRIBUTED SPARSE MATRIX DIRECT SOLVER.
Number of equations = 6124, Maximum wavefront = 42
Process memory allocated for solver = 4.832 MB
Process memory required for in-core solution = 4.653 MB
Process memory required for out-of-core solution = 3.064 MB
Total memory allocated for solver = 9.654 MB
Total memory required for in-core solution = 9.295 MB
Total memory required for out-of-core solution = 6.087 MB
*** NOTE *** CP = 6.821 TIME= 11:10:32
The Distributed Sparse Matrix Solver is currently running in the
in-core memory mode. This memory mode uses the most amount of memory
in order to avoid using the hard drive as much as possible, which most
often results in the fastest solution time. This mode is recommended
if enough physical memory is present to accommodate all of the solver
data.
Distributed sparse solver maximum pivot= 1.788020447E+09 at node 1952
UY.
Distributed sparse solver minimum pivot= 7902395.44 at node 2442 UY.
Distributed sparse solver minimum pivot in absolute value= 7902395.44
at node 2442 UY.
*** ELEMENT RESULT CALCULATION TIMES
TYPE NUMBER ENAME TOTAL CP AVE CP
1 977 PLANE183 0.065 0.000066
*** NODAL LOAD CALCULATION TIMES
TYPE NUMBER ENAME TOTAL CP AVE CP
1 977 PLANE183 0.023 0.000023
*** LOAD STEP 1 SUBSTEP 1 COMPLETED. CUM ITER = 1
*** TIME = 1.00000 TIME INC = 1.00000 NEW TRIANG MATRIX
*** MAPDL BINARY FILE STATISTICS
BUFFER SIZE USED= 16384
0.812 MB WRITTEN ON ASSEMBLED MATRIX FILE: file0.full
0.688 MB WRITTEN ON RESULTS FILE: file0.rst
Post-Processing#
The static result can be post-processed both within MAPDL and
outside of MAPDL using pyansys. This example shows how to
extract the von Mises stress and plot it using the pyansys
result reader.
# grab the result from the ``mapdl`` instance
result = mapdl.result
result.plot_principal_nodal_stress(
0,
"SEQV",
lighting=False,
cpos="xy",
background="w",
text_color="k",
add_text=False,
)
nnum, stress = result.principal_nodal_stress(0)
von_mises = stress[:, -1] # von-Mises stress is the right most column
# Must use nanmax as stress is not computed at mid-side nodes
max_stress = np.nanmax(von_mises)
Compute the Stress Concentration#
The stress concentration \(K_t\) is the ratio of the maximum stress at the hole to the far-field stress, or the mean cross sectional stress at a point far from the hole. Analytically, this can be computed with:
\(\sigma_{nom} = \frac{F}{wt}\)
Where
\(F\) is the force
\(w\) is the width of the plate
\(t\) is the thickness of the plate.
Experimentally, this is computed by taking the mean of the nodes at the right-most side of the plate.
# We use nanmean here because mid-side nodes have no stress
mask = result.mesh.nodes[:, 0] == length
far_field_stress = np.nanmean(von_mises[mask])
print("Far field von Mises stress: %e" % far_field_stress)
# Which almost exactly equals the analytical value of 10000000.0 Pa
Far field von Mises stress: 9.999965e+06
Since the expected nominal stress across the cross section of the hole will increase as the size of the hole increases, regardless of the stress concentration, the stress must be adjusted to arrive at the correct stress. This stress is adjusted by the ratio of the width over the modified cross section width.
adj = width / (width - diameter)
stress_adj = far_field_stress * adj
# The stress concentration is then simply the maximum stress divided
# by the adjusted far-field stress.
stress_con = max_stress / stress_adj
print("Stress Concentration: %.2f" % stress_con)
Stress Concentration: 2.34
Batch Analysis#
The above script can be placed within a function to compute the stress concentration for a variety of hole diameters. For each batch, MAPDL is reset and the geometry is generated from scratch.
def compute_stress_con(ratio):
"""Compute the stress concentration for plate with a hole loaded
with a uniaxial force.
"""
mapdl.clear("NOSTART")
mapdl.prep7()
mapdl.units("SI") # SI - International system (m, kg, s, K).
# define a PLANE183 element type with thickness
mapdl.et(1, "PLANE183", kop3=3)
mapdl.r(1, 0.001) # thickness of 0.001 meters)
# Define a material (nominal steel in SI)
mapdl.mp("EX", 1, 210e9) # Elastic moduli in Pa (kg/(m*s**2))
mapdl.mp("DENS", 1, 7800) # Density in kg/m3
mapdl.mp("NUXY", 1, 0.3) # Poisson's Ratio
mapdl.emodif("ALL", "MAT", 1)
# Geometry
# ~~~~~~~~
# Create a rectangular area with the hole in the middle
diameter = width * ratio
radius = diameter * 0.5
# create the rectangle
rect_anum = mapdl.blc4(width=length, height=width)
# create a circle in the middle of the rectangle
circ_anum = mapdl.cyl4(length / 2, width / 2, radius)
# Note how pyansys parses the output and returns the area numbers
# created by each command. This can be used to execute a boolean
# operation on these areas to cut the circle out of the rectangle.
plate_with_hole_anum = mapdl.asba(rect_anum, circ_anum)
# Meshing
# ~~~~~~~
# Mesh the plate using a higher density near the hole and a lower
# density for the remainder of the plate
mapdl.aclear("all")
# ensure there are at least 100 elements around the hole
hole_esize = np.pi * diameter / 100 # 0.0002
plate_esize = 0.01
# increased the density of the mesh at the center
mapdl.lsel("S", "LINE", vmin=5, vmax=8)
mapdl.lesize("ALL", hole_esize, kforc=1)
mapdl.lsel("ALL")
# Decrease the area mesh expansion. This ensures that the mesh
# remains fine nearby the hole
mapdl.mopt("EXPND", 0.7) # default 1
mapdl.esize(plate_esize)
mapdl.amesh(plate_with_hole_anum)
# Boundary Conditions
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# Fix the left-hand side of the plate in the X direction
mapdl.nsel("S", "LOC", "X", 0)
mapdl.d("ALL", "UX")
# Fix a single node on the left-hand side of the plate in the Y direction
mapdl.nsel("R", "LOC", "Y", width / 2)
assert mapdl.mesh.n_node == 1
mapdl.d("ALL", "UY")
# Apply a force on the right-hand side of the plate. For this
# example, we select the right-hand side of the plate.
mapdl.nsel("S", "LOC", "X", length)
# Next, couple the DOF for these nodes
mapdl.cp(5, "UX", "ALL")
# Again, select a single node in this set and apply a force to it
mapdl.nsel("r", "loc", "y", width / 2)
mapdl.f("ALL", "FX", 1000)
# finally, be sure to select all nodes again to solve the entire solution
mapdl.allsel()
# Solve the Static Problem
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mapdl.solution()
mapdl.antype("STATIC")
mapdl.solve()
mapdl.finish()
# Post-Processing
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# grab the stress from the result
result = mapdl.result
nnum, stress = result.principal_nodal_stress(0)
von_mises = stress[:, -1]
max_stress = np.nanmax(von_mises)
# compare to the "far field" stress by getting the mean value of the
# stress at the wall
mask = result.mesh.nodes[:, 0] == length
far_field_stress = np.nanmean(von_mises[mask])
# adjust by the cross sectional area at the hole
adj = width / (width - diameter)
stress_adj = far_field_stress * adj
# finally, compute the stress concentration
return max_stress / stress_adj
Run the batch and record the stress concentration
k_t_exp = []
ratios = np.linspace(0.01, 0.5, 10)
print(" Ratio : Stress Concentration (K_t)")
for ratio in ratios:
stress_con = compute_stress_con(ratio)
print("%10.4f : %10.4f" % (ratio, stress_con))
k_t_exp.append(stress_con)
Ratio : Stress Concentration (K_t)
0.0100 : 2.9625
0.0644 : 2.8123
0.1189 : 2.6830
0.1733 : 2.5607
0.2278 : 2.4649
0.2822 : 2.3766
0.3367 : 2.3058
0.3911 : 2.2479
0.4456 : 2.2011
0.5000 : 2.1609
Analytical Comparison#
Stress concentrations are often obtained by referencing tablular results or polynominal fits for a variety of geometries. According to Peterson’s Stress Concentration Factors (ISBN 0470048247), the analytical equation for a hole in a thin plate in uniaxial tension:
\(k_t = 3 - 3.14\frac{d}{h} + 3.667\left(\frac{d}{h}\right)^2 - 1.527\left(\frac{d}{h}\right)^3\)
Where:
\(k_t\) is the stress concentration
\(d\) is the diameter of the circle
\(h\) is the height of the plate
As shown in the following plot, ANSYS matches the known tabular result for this geometry remarkably well using PLANE183 elements. The fit to the results may vary depending on the ratio between the height and width of the plate.
# where ratio is (d/h)
k_t_anl = 3 - 3.14 * ratios + 3.667 * ratios**2 - 1.527 * ratios**3
plt.plot(ratios, k_t_anl, label=r"$K_t$ Analytical")
plt.plot(ratios, k_t_exp, label=r"$K_t$ ANSYS")
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel("Ratio of Hole Diameter to Width of Plate")
plt.ylabel("Stress Concentration")
plt.show()
Stop mapdl#
mapdl.exit()
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.10.14/x64/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ansys/mapdl/core/launcher.py:811: UserWarning: The environment variable 'PYMAPDL_START_INSTANCE' is set, hence the argument 'start_instance' is overwritten.
warnings.warn(
Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 12.817 seconds)